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􀀞􀀞􀀞􀀇􀀫􀀁􀁄􀀶􀀾􀀺􀀴􀁀􀀿􀀵􀁆􀀴􀁅􀁀􀁃􀁄􀀁􀀹􀀲􀁇􀀶􀀁􀀳􀁃􀁀􀀲􀀵􀀁􀁆􀁄􀀶􀁄􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀁀􀁁􀁅􀁀􀀶􀀽􀀶􀀴􀁅􀁃􀁀􀀿􀀺􀀴􀁄􀀁􀀵􀁆􀀶􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀺􀁃􀀁􀀵􀀺􀁃􀀶􀀴􀁅􀀁􀀳􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀸􀀲􀁁􀁄􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀹􀀺􀀸􀀹􀀁􀀴􀀲􀁃􀁃􀀺􀀶􀁃􀀁􀀾􀁀􀁅􀀺􀀽􀀺􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀈􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀃􀀋􀀇 􀁉􀀄􀀗􀀺􀁉􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀁉􀀜􀀲􀀃􀀋􀀇􀁉􀀄􀀖􀁄􀀁􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀿􀀲􀁃􀁊􀀁􀀲􀀽􀀽􀁀􀁊􀁄􀀁􀀲􀁃􀀶􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀺􀀿􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀶􀁄􀁅􀀁􀀷􀁀􀁃􀀁􀀽􀀺􀀸􀀹􀁅􀀁􀀶􀀾􀀺􀁅􀁅􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀆􀀁􀀽􀀺􀀸􀀹􀁅􀀁􀀲􀀳􀁄􀁀􀁃􀀳􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀁀􀁅􀀹􀀶􀁃􀀁􀀲􀁁􀁁􀀽􀀺􀀴􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀁄􀀁􀀃􀀶􀀈􀀸􀀈 􀀴􀁀􀀾􀀾􀁆􀀿􀀺􀀴􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀽􀀲􀁄􀀶􀁃􀁄􀀆􀀁􀁁􀀹􀁀􀁅􀁀􀁇􀁀􀀽􀁅􀀲􀀺􀀴􀁄􀀆􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀹􀀺􀀸􀀹􀀁􀁄􀁁􀀶􀀶􀀵􀀁􀁅􀁃􀀲􀀿􀁄􀀺􀁄􀁅􀁀􀁃􀁄􀀄􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀷􀁃􀀲􀁃􀀶􀀵􀀁􀁄􀁁􀀶􀀴􀁅􀁃􀁆􀀾􀀁􀀵􀁆􀀶􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀺􀁃􀀁􀀵􀀶􀀴􀁃􀀶􀀲􀁄􀀶􀀵􀀁􀀳􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀸􀀲􀁁 􀁃􀀶􀀽􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁇􀀶􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀈􀀁􀀬􀀹􀀺􀀽􀀶􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀁􀀹􀀲􀁄􀀁􀀳􀀶􀀶􀀿􀀁􀀶􀁉􀁅􀀶􀀿􀁄􀀺􀁇􀀶􀀽􀁊􀀁􀁄􀁅􀁆􀀵􀀺􀀶􀀵􀀆􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁀􀁁􀁅􀀺􀀴􀀲􀀽􀀁􀁁􀁃􀁀􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀁􀀲􀁃􀀶􀀁􀀽􀀶􀁄􀁄 􀀵􀁀􀀴􀁆􀀾􀀶􀀿􀁅􀀶􀀵􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀁄􀀹􀁀􀁈􀀁􀁄􀀺􀀸􀀿􀀺􀀷􀀺􀀴􀀲􀀿􀁅􀀁􀁇􀀲􀁃􀀺􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁈􀀺􀁅􀀹􀀁􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀁􀀴􀁀􀀿􀁅􀀶􀀿􀁅􀀁􀁃􀀶􀁄􀁁􀀶􀀴􀁅􀀺􀁇􀀶􀀽􀁊􀀈 􀀩􀀹􀀺􀁄􀀁􀁄􀁅􀁆􀀵􀁊􀀁􀀴􀀹􀀲􀁃􀀲􀀴􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀺􀁋􀀶􀀵􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁀􀁁􀁅􀀺􀀴􀀲􀀽􀀁􀁁􀁃􀁀􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀁􀀷􀀺􀀽􀀾􀁄􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁇􀀲􀁃􀁊􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀁􀀴􀁀􀀾􀁁􀁀􀁄􀀺􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁆􀁄􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁 􀁇􀀲􀁃􀀺􀀲􀀳􀀽􀀶􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀸􀀽􀀶􀀁􀁄􀁁􀀶􀀴􀁅􀁃􀁀􀁄􀀴􀁀􀁁􀀺􀀴􀀁􀀶􀀽􀀽􀀺􀁁􀁄􀁀􀀾􀀶􀁅􀁃􀁊􀀁􀀃􀀫􀀖􀀨􀀚􀀄􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀀲􀀁􀁃􀀲􀀿􀀸􀀶􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀶􀀾􀁁􀀶􀁃􀀲􀁅􀁆􀁃􀀶􀁄􀀁􀀷􀁃􀁀􀀾􀀁􀀌􀀏􀀁􀁖􀀘􀀁􀁑􀀁􀀍􀀊􀀊􀀁􀁖􀀘􀀈􀀁􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀷􀀺􀀽􀀾􀁄􀀁􀁈􀀶􀁃􀀶􀀁 􀀸􀁃􀁀􀁈􀀿􀀁􀀳􀀶􀁅􀁈􀀶􀀶􀀿􀀁􀀍􀀈􀀍􀀂􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀐􀀈􀀏􀀂􀀁􀀳􀀺􀁄􀀾􀁆􀁅􀀹􀀈􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀜􀀲􀀖􀁄􀀁􀀷􀀺􀀽􀀾􀁄􀀁􀁈􀀶􀁃􀀶􀀁􀀸􀁃􀁀􀁈􀀿􀀁􀀳􀀶􀁅􀁈􀀶􀀶􀀿􀀁􀀋􀀈􀀑􀀂􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀌􀀈􀀑􀀂􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀲􀀽􀀽􀀺􀁆􀀾􀀈􀀁􀀢􀁀􀀵􀀶􀀽􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀁆􀁄􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀀲􀀁 􀁄􀁆􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁁􀁀􀁄􀀺􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀜􀀲􀁆􀁄􀁄􀀺􀀲􀀿􀀁􀁀􀁄􀀴􀀺􀀽􀀽􀀲􀁅􀁀􀁃􀁄􀀁􀀷􀀺􀁅􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀵􀀺􀀶􀀽􀀶􀀴􀁅􀁃􀀺􀀴􀀁􀀷􀁆􀀿􀀴􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀁄􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁄􀀲􀀾􀁁􀀽􀀶􀀁􀀽􀀲􀁊􀀶􀁃􀁄􀀁􀁈􀀲􀁄􀀁􀁆􀁄􀀶􀀵􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁄􀀶􀁁􀀲􀁃􀀲􀁅􀀶􀀁􀀷􀀺􀀽􀀾􀀁􀁀􀁁􀁅􀀺􀀴􀀲􀀽􀀁 􀁁􀁃􀁀􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀁􀀷􀁃􀁀􀀾􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁁􀁄􀀶􀁆􀀵􀁀􀁀􀁁􀁅􀀺􀀴􀀲􀀽􀀁􀁁􀁃􀁀􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁄􀀲􀀾􀁁􀀽􀀶􀀈􀀁 􀀩􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀲􀀽􀁊􀁄􀀺􀁄􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀺􀁄􀀁􀁄􀁅􀁆􀀵􀁊􀀁􀀵􀀺􀁃􀀶􀀴􀁅􀀽􀁊􀀁􀀴􀁀􀀾􀁁􀀲􀁃􀀶􀁄􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀴􀀽􀁆􀁄􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁅􀁈􀁀􀀁􀀽􀀲􀁃􀀸􀀶􀁄􀁅􀀁􀀞􀀞􀀞􀀇􀀫􀀁􀀴􀁀􀀿􀁄􀁅􀀺􀁅􀁆􀀶􀀿􀁅􀀁􀀲􀁅􀁀􀀾􀁄􀀆􀀁􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀈􀀁 􀀘􀁀􀀾􀁁􀀲􀁃􀀺􀁄􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁃􀀶􀀷􀁃􀀲􀀴􀁅􀀺􀁇􀀶􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀵􀀶􀁉􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀲􀀳􀁄􀁀􀁃􀁁􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀴􀁀􀀶􀀷􀀷􀀺􀀴􀀺􀀶􀀿􀁅􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁄􀀲􀀾􀁁􀀽􀀶􀁄􀀁􀁈􀀲􀁄􀀁􀀵􀁀􀀿􀀶􀀁􀁀􀁇􀀶􀁃􀀁􀀲􀀁􀁄􀁁􀀶􀀴􀁅􀁃􀀲􀀽􀀁􀁃􀀲􀀿􀀸􀀶􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀊􀀈􀀏􀀁􀀶􀀫􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀀏􀀁 􀀶􀀫􀀁􀀃􀀌􀀏􀀊􀀁􀀿􀀾􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀀌􀀏􀀊􀀊􀀁􀀿􀀾􀀄􀀈􀀁􀀩􀀹􀀺􀁄􀀁􀁃􀀶􀀸􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀵􀀺􀁄􀁁􀀽􀀲􀁊􀁄􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀲􀀳􀁄􀁀􀁃􀁁􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀶􀀵􀀸􀀶􀀁􀀴􀁀􀁃􀁃􀀶􀁄􀁁􀁀􀀿􀀵􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀳􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀸􀀲􀁁􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀾􀀲􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀺􀀲􀀽􀀆􀀁􀁈􀀹􀀺􀀴􀀹􀀁 􀀺􀁄􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀿􀀁􀀴􀁀􀁃􀁃􀀶􀀽􀀲􀁅􀀶􀀵􀀁􀁅􀁀􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀴􀁀􀁃􀁁􀁀􀁃􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀀗􀀺􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀩􀀽􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀁􀁄􀀲􀀾􀁁􀀽􀀶􀁄􀀈􀀁􀀩􀀹􀀺􀁄􀀁􀀴􀀹􀀲􀁃􀀲􀀴􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀺􀁋􀀲􀁅􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀲􀀽􀀽􀁀􀁈􀁄􀀁􀀷􀁀􀁃􀀁􀀳􀀶􀁅􀁅􀀶􀁃􀀁􀀾􀁀􀀵􀀶􀀽􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁 􀁅􀀹􀀶􀁄􀀶􀀁􀀲􀀽􀀽􀁀􀁊􀁄􀀁􀀷􀁀􀁃􀀁􀀳􀁀􀁅􀀹􀀁􀀲􀀁􀀷􀁆􀀿􀀵􀀲􀀾􀀶􀀿􀁅􀀲􀀽􀀁􀁆􀀿􀀵􀀶􀁃􀁄􀁅􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀺􀀿􀀸􀀁􀁀􀀷􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀺􀁃􀀁􀁁􀁃􀁀􀁁􀀶􀁃􀁅􀀺􀀶􀁄􀀁􀀲􀀿􀀵􀀁􀀷􀁀􀁃􀀁􀁅􀀹􀀶􀀺􀁃􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀴􀀽􀁆􀁄􀀺􀁀􀀿􀀁􀀺􀀿􀀁􀀷􀁆􀁅􀁆􀁃􀀶􀀁􀀵􀀶􀁇􀀺􀀴􀀶􀁄􀀈􀀁 

Abstract Low‐intensity high‐temperature (LIHT) solar cells are needed for extended photovoltaic power generation in both the lower atmosphere as well as at the surface of Venus. Double‐junction GaInP/GaAs solar cells that may be able to operate and survive, with suitable encapsulation, for several weeks on the 465°C Venus surface have been developed. These solar cells have been optimized for operation under the Venus solar spectrum, which is different from that of the Earth.